阀门作为流体输送系统中的核心控制部件，其类型多样且功能各异，在工业、民用及特殊领域均有广泛应用。以下从不同维度对常见阀门类型进行系统介绍，以便用户根据实际需求进行合理选型。

　　Valves, as the core control components in fluid transportation systems, have diverse types and functions, and are widely used in industrial, civilian, and special fields. The following provides a systematic introduction to common valve types from different dimensions, so that users can make reasonable selections based on their actual needs.

　　按功能用途分类

　　Classified by functional purpose

　　截断阀类：主要用于完全开启或关闭流体通道。

　　Block valves: mainly used to fully open or close fluid channels.

　　闸阀：通过闸板垂直升降实现启闭，全开时流体阻力极小，适用于大口径、高压差场景，如城市供水主干管。

　　Gate valve: It can be opened and closed by vertically lifting and lowering the gate plate. When fully opened, the fluid resistance is extremely low, making it suitable for large-diameter and high-pressure scenarios, such as urban water supply main pipelines.

　　截止阀：利用阀瓣沿轴线移动控制流量，密封性能优于闸阀，但流体阻力较大，常用于蒸汽系统。

　　Globe valve: uses the valve disc to move along the axis to control flow, with better sealing performance than gate valves, but with higher fluid resistance, commonly used in steam systems.

　　球阀：通过90°旋转带孔球体实现快速启闭，密封性优异，适用于天然气、酸碱溶液等介质。

　　Ball valve: It can be quickly opened and closed by rotating the perforated ball body 90 °, with excellent sealing performance, and is suitable for media such as natural gas and acid-base solutions.

　　蝶阀：蝶板绕轴旋转调节流量，结构紧凑，启闭迅速，广泛用于暖通空调系统。

　　Butterfly valve: The butterfly plate rotates around the axis to regulate flow, with a compact structure and quick opening and closing, widely used in HVAC systems.

　　调节阀类：专注流量与压力的精准控制。

　　Regulating valves: focus on precise control of flow and pressure.

　　减压阀：自动降低介质压力至设定值，如高层建筑给水系统中的稳压装置。

　　Pressure reducing valve: automatically reduces the pressure of the medium to the set value, such as the stabilizing device in the water supply system of high-rise buildings.

　　节流阀：通过改变通道截面积调节流量，但调节精度有限，多用于临时性流量控制。

　　Throttle valve: adjusts the flow rate by changing the cross-sectional area of the channel, but the adjustment accuracy is limited, and it is mostly used for temporary flow control.

　　止回阀类：防止介质倒流。

　　Check valves: prevent medium backflow.

　　旋启式止回阀：阀瓣绕销轴旋转，适用于大口径管道，如泵出口处防止水锤。

　　Swing check valve: The valve disc rotates around the pin axis and is suitable for large-diameter pipelines, such as preventing water hammer at the pump outlet.

　　升降式止回阀：阀瓣沿阀体垂直移动，密封性好，但流阻较大，常用于小口径清水管道。

　　Lift check valve: The valve disc moves vertically along the valve body, with good sealing performance but high flow resistance, commonly used in small-diameter clean water pipelines.

　　安全保护类：

　　Security protection category:

　　安全阀：当系统压力超限时自动开启泄压，如锅炉、压力容器的超压保护装置。

　　Safety valve: Automatically opens to release pressure when the system pressure exceeds the limit, such as overpressure protection devices for boilers and pressure vessels.

　　疏水阀：自动排除凝结水同时阻止蒸汽泄漏，广泛应用于蒸汽供热系统。

　　Drain valve: automatically removes condensed water while preventing steam leakage, widely used in steam heating systems.

　　按结构特性分类

　　Classified by structural characteristics

　　旋塞阀：通过圆柱形旋塞旋转控制启闭，结构简单，适用于低粘度介质，如油田采出液输送。

　　Plug valve: controlled by rotating a cylindrical plug to open and close, with a simple structure, suitable for low viscosity media such as oil field produced fluid transportation.

　　隔膜阀：利用柔性隔膜实现密封，无填料函设计，适用于腐蚀性介质，如化工酸碱管道。

　　Diaphragm valve: uses flexible diaphragm to achieve sealing, with no packing box design, suitable for corrosive media such as chemical acid and alkali pipelines.

　　柱塞阀：通过柱塞与阀座配合密封，耐磨性强，常用于含颗粒介质，如污水处理厂污泥管道。

　　Piston valve: Sealed by the combination of plunger and valve seat, it has strong wear resistance and is commonly used in granular media, such as sludge pipelines in sewage treatment plants.

　　按驱动方式分类

　　Classified by driving method

　　手动阀：通过手轮、手柄直接操作，如实验室小型截止阀。

　　Manual valve: Operated directly through a handwheel or handle, such as a laboratory small globe valve.

　　自动阀：

　　Automatic valve:

　　电磁阀：电磁力驱动阀芯动作，实现远程控制，如自动化生产线的气动元件。

　　Electromagnetic valve: The valve core is driven by electromagnetic force to achieve remote control, such as pneumatic components in automated production lines.

　　自力式调节阀：利用介质压力差自动调节，如供暖系统的温度控制阀。

　　Self operated regulating valve: using the pressure difference of the medium to automatically regulate, such as the temperature control valve of a heating system.

　　按材质与工况分类

　　Classified by material and working conditions

　　高温阀：耐温≥450℃，采用铬钼钢材质，用于炼油厂催化裂化装置。

　　High temperature valve: resistant to temperatures ≥ 450 ℃, made of chromium molybdenum steel material, used in catalytic cracking units of refineries.

　　低温阀：适用介质温度-100℃至-40℃，如LNG接收站的液氮管道。

　　Low temperature valve: suitable for medium temperatures ranging from -100 ℃ to -40 ℃, such as liquid nitrogen pipelines in LNG receiving stations.

　　耐腐蚀阀：内衬聚四氟乙烯或哈氏合金，用于化工酸碱介质输送。

　　Corrosion resistant valve: lined with polytetrafluoroethylene or Hastelloy alloy, used for transporting chemical acid and alkali media.

　　选型关键考量

　　Key considerations for selection

　　工况匹配：频繁启闭场景优先选球阀，需调节流量时用截止阀或蝶阀。

　　Matching of operating conditions: Ball valves are preferred for frequent opening and closing scenarios, and globe valves or butterfly valves are used when adjusting flow.

　　介质特性：含颗粒介质宜用旋塞阀，高粘度介质选闸阀或柱塞阀。

　　Medium characteristics: Plug valves are suitable for media containing particles, while gate valves or plunger valves are preferred for high viscosity media.

　　压力温度：超高压工况需选超高压阀，高温环境用金属密封球阀。

　　Pressure and temperature: Ultra high pressure valves should be selected for ultra-high pressure conditions, and metal sealed ball valves should be used for high temperature environments.

　　安装空间：狭窄位置宜用蝶阀或球阀，大口径管道选闸阀或蝶阀。

　　Installation space: Butterfly valves or ball valves are suitable for narrow positions, and gate valves or butterfly valves are preferred for large-diameter pipelines.

　　通过理解各类阀门的结构原理与应用特性，结合具体工况参数进行选型，可确保阀门在系统中发挥最佳控制效能，同时兼顾经济性与安全性。

　　By understanding the structural principles and application characteristics of various types of valves, and selecting them based on specific operating parameters, it is possible to ensure that the valves can achieve optimal control efficiency in the system while balancing economy and safety.

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